---
source: Federal Reserve
url: https://www.federalreserve.gov/data/sloos/sloos-202604.htm
document_type: html
date_retrieved: 2026-05-04
period: April 2026 (first quarter)
parent_publication: Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices
indicators_covered: [Loan Officer Survey - Interest Rate]
---

# The April 2026 Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices

Release date: May 4, 2026

## Summary

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The April 2026 Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices
The April 2026 Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices (SLOOS) addressed changes in the standards and terms on, and demand for, bank loans to businesses and households over the past three months, which generally correspond to the first quarter of 2026.
1
Regarding loans to businesses over the first quarter, survey respondents reported, on balance, tighter lending standards and basically unchanged demand for commercial and industrial (C&I) loans to firms of all sizes.
2
Furthermore, banks reported basically unchanged lending standards and weaker or basically unchanged demand for commercial real estate (CRE) loans.
Banks also responded to two sets of special questions. The first set asked banks about changes in lending policies and demand for CRE loans over the past year, and the second set queried changes in lending standards and demand for nondepository financial institution (NDFI) loans over the past year. Banks reported unchanged or easier terms for almost all loan policies across CRE loan categories. Banks reported, on net, tighter standards and stronger demand across all NDFI loan categories.
For loans to households, banks reported basically unchanged lending standards and unchanged or weaker demand for most categories of residential real estate (RRE) loans on balance. Banks similarly reported basically unchanged lending standards but stronger demand for home equity lines of credit (HELOCs). In addition, banks reported tighter standards for other consumer loans, while standards remained basically unchanged for credit card and auto loans. Meanwhile, demand reportedly weakened for credit card, auto, and other consumer loans.
Lending to Businesses
(Table 1, questions 1–12; table 2, questions 1–8)
Questions on commercial and industrial lending.
Over the first quarter, modest net shares of banks reported having tightened standards on C&I loans to firms of all sizes.
3
Meanwhile, banks reported mixed changes to C&I loan terms over the same period.
4
Moderate to modest net shares of banks reported higher premiums on riskier loans, tighter loan covenants, and tighter collateralization requirements for firms of all sizes. By contrast, moderate and modest net shares of banks reported having eased loan spreads over their banks’ cost of funds for large firms and small firms, respectively. Modest net shares of banks eased costs of credit lines for large firms, while costs of credit lines remained basically unchanged for small firms. Modest net shares of banks reported more use of interest rate floors for loans to large firms, while use of interest rate floors remained basically unchanged for smal

---

## Table 1: Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices in the First Quarter of 2026

Home
Data
Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices
The April 2026 Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices
Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices
Release Dates
Announcements
About
Table 1
PDF
RSS
DDP
Table 1
|
Table 2
|
Chart Data
Table 1 (PDF)
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Table 2 (PDF)
|
Charts (PDF)
Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices at Selected Large Banks in the United States
1
(Status of Policy as of April 2026)
Questions 1-6
ask about commercial and industrial (C&I) loans at your bank. Questions 1-3 deal with changes in your bank's lending policies over the past three months. Questions 4-5 deal with changes in demand for C&I loans over the past three months. Question 6 asks about changes in prospective demand for C&I loans at your bank, as indicated by the volume of recent inquiries about the availability of new credit lines or increases in existing lines. If your bank's lending policies have not changed over the past three months, please report them as unchanged even if the policies are either restrictive or accommodative relative to longer-term norms. If your bank's policies have tightened or eased over the past three months, please so report them regardless of how they stand relative to longer-term norms. Also, please report changes in enforcement of existing policies as changes in policies.
1. Over the past three months, how have your bank's credit standards for approving applications for C&I loans or credit lines - other than those to be used to finance mergers and acquisitions - to large and middle-market firms and to small firms changed? (If your bank defines firm size differently from the categories suggested below, please use your definitions and indicate what they are.)
A. Standards for
large and middle-market firms
(annual sales of $50 million or more):
All Respondents
Large Banks
Other Banks
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
7
11.3
2
10.0
5
11.9
Remained basically unchanged
53
85.5
18
90.0
35
83.3
Eased somewhat
2
3.2
0
0.0
2
4.8
Eased considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Total
62
100
20
100
42
100
For this question, 1 respondent answered "My bank does not originate C&I loans or credit lines to large and middle-market firms."
B. Standards for
small firms
(annual sales of less than $50 million):
All Respondents
Large Banks
Other Banks
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
5
8.2
0
0.0
5
11.9
Remained basically unchanged
55
90.2
19
100.0
36
85.7
Eased somewhat
1
1.6
0
0.0
1
2.4
Eased considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Total
61
100
19
100
42
100
For this question, 2 respondents answered "My bank does not originate C&I loans or credit lines to small firms."
2. For applications for C&I loans or credit lines-other than those to be used to finance mergers and acquisitions-from large and middle-market firms and from small firms that your bank currently is willing to approve, how have the terms of those loans changed over the past three months?
A. Terms for
large and middle-market firms
(annual sales of $50 million or more):
a. Maximum size of credit lines
All Respondents
Large Banks
Other Banks
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
5
8.1
0
0.0
5
11.9
Remained basically unchanged
51
82.3
17
85.0
34
81.0
Eased somewhat
6
9.7
3
15.0
3
7.1
Eased considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Total
62
100
20
100
42
100
b. Maximum maturity of loans or credit lines
All Respondents
Large Banks
Other Banks
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
1
1.6
0
0.0
1
2.4
Remained basically unchanged
58
93.5
20
100.0
38
90.5
Eased somewhat
3
4.8
0
0.0
3
7.1
Eased considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Total
62
100
20
100
42
100
c. Costs of credit lines
All Respondents
Large Banks
Other Banks
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
2
3.2
0
0.0
2
4.8
Remained basically unchanged
52
83.9
19
95.0
33
78.6
Eased somewhat
8
12.9
1
5.0
7
16.7
Eased considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Total
62
100
20
100
42
100
d. Spreads of loan rates over your bank's cost of funds (wider spreads=tightened,narrower spreads=eased)
All Respondents
Large Banks
Other Banks
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
8
12.9
2
10.0
6
14.3
Remained basically unchanged
38
61.3
15
75.0
23
54.8
Eased somewhat
16
25.8
3
15.0
13
31.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Total
62
100
20
100
42
100
e. Premiums charged on riskier loans
All Respondents
Large Banks
Other Banks
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
9
14.8
3
15.0
6
14.6
Remained basically unchanged
50
82.0
16
80.0
34
82.9
Eased somewhat
2
3.3
1
5.0
1
2.4
Eased considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Total
61
100
20
100
41
100
f. Loan covenants
All Respondents
Large Banks
Other Banks
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
8
12.9
1
5.0
7
16.7
Remained basically unchanged
51
82.3
18
90.0
33
78.6
Eased somewhat
3
4.8
1
5.0
2
4.8
Eased considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Total
62
100
20
100
42
100
g. Collateralization requirements
All Respondents
Large Banks
Other Banks
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
5
8.1
1
5.0
4
9.5
Remained basically unchanged
56
90.3
19
95.0
37
88.1
Eased somewhat
1
1.6
0
0.0
1
2.4
Eased considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Total
62
100
20
100
42
100
h. Use of interest rate floors (more use=tightened, less use=eased)
All Respondents
Large Banks
Other Banks
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
4
6.6
0
0.0
4
9.5
Remained basically unchanged
57
93.4
19
100.0
38
90.5
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Total
61
100
19
100
42
100
B. Terms for
small firms
(annual sales of less than $50 million):
a. Maximum size of credit lines
All Respondents
Large Banks
Other Banks
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
5
8.2
0
0.0
5
11.9
Remained basically unchanged
51
83.6
16
84.2
35
83.3
Eased somewhat
5
8.2
3
15.8
2
4.8
Eased considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Total
61
100
19
100
42
100
b. Maximum maturity of loans or credit lines
All Respondents
Large Banks
Other Banks
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
1
1.6
0
0.0
1
2.4
Remained basically unchanged
59
96.7
19
100.0
40
95.2
Eased somewhat
1
1.6
0
0.0
1
2.4
Eased considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Total
61
100
19
100
42
100
c. Costs of credit lines
All Respondents
Large Banks
Other Banks
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Remained basically unchanged
58
95.1
18
94.7
40
95.2
Eased somewhat
3
4.9
1
5.3
2
4.8
Eased considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Total
61
100
19
100
42
100
d. Spreads of loan rates over your bank's cost of funds (wider spreads=tightened,narrower spreads=eased)
All Respondents
Large Banks
Other Banks
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
4
6.6
1
5.3
3
7.1
Remained basically unchanged
48
78.7
17
89.5
31
73.8
Eased somewhat
9
14.8
1
5.3
8
19.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Total
61
100
19
100
42
100
e. Premiums charged on riskier loans
All Respondents
Large Banks
Other Banks
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
5
8.3
1
5.3
4
9.8
Remained basically unchanged
55
91.7
18
94.7
37
90.2
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Total
60
100
19
100
41
100
f. Loan covenants
All Respondents
Large Banks
Other Banks
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
6
9.8
0
0.0
6
14.3
Remained basically unchanged
53
86.9
18
94.7
35
83.3
Eased somewhat
2
3.3
1
5.3
1
2.4
Eased considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Total
61
100
19
100
42
100
g. Collateralization requirements
All Respondents
Large Banks
Other Banks
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
4
6.6
0
0.0
4
9.5
Remained basically unchanged
57
93.4
19
100.0
38
90.5
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Total
61
100
19
100
42
100
h. Use of interest rate floors (more use=tightened, less use=eased)
All Respondents
Large Banks
Other Banks
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
3
5.0
0
0.0
3
7.1
Remained basically unchanged
57
95.0
18
100.0
39
92.9
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Total
60
100
18
100
42
100
3. If your bank has tightened or eased its credit standards or its terms for C&I loans or credit lines over the past three months (as described in questions 1 and 2), how important have the following possible reasons been for the change? (Please respond to either A, B, or both as appropriate.)
A. Possible reasons for tightening credit standards or loan terms:
a. Deterioration in your bank's current or expected capital position
All Respondents
Large Banks
Other Banks
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Not Important
17
81.0
5
100.0
12
75.0
Somewhat Important
4
19.0
0
0.0
4
25.0
Very Important
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Total
21
100
5
100
16
100
b. Less favorable or more uncertain economic outlook
All Respondents
Large Banks
Other Banks
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Banks
Percent
Not Important
2
9.5
0
0.0
2
12.5
Somewhat Important
11
52.4
4
80.0
7
43.8
Very Important
8
38.1
1
20.0
7
43.8
Total
21
100
5
100
16
100
c. Worsening of industry-specific problems (please specify industries)
All Respondents
Large Banks
Other Banks
Banks
Percent
Bank

---

## Table 2: Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices in the First Quarter of 2026 (continued)

Home
Data
Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices
The April 2026 Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices
Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices
Release Dates
Announcements
About
Table 2
PDF
RSS
DDP
Table 1
|
Table 2
|
Chart Data
Table 1 (PDF)
|
Table 2 (PDF)
|
Charts (PDF)
Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices at Selected Branches and Agencies of Foreign Banks in the United States
1
(Status of Policy as of April 2026)
Questions 1-6
ask about commercial and industrial (C&I) loans at your bank. Questions 1-3 deal with changes in your bank's lending policies over the past three months. Questions 4-5 deal with changes in demand for C&I loans over the past three months. Question 6 asks about changes in prospective demand for C&I loans at your bank, as indicated by the volume of recent inquiries about the availability of new credit lines or increases in existing lines. If your bank's lending policies have not changed over the past three months, please report them as unchanged even if the policies are either restrictive or accommodative relative to longer-term norms. If your bank's policies have tightened or eased over the past three months, please so report them regardless of how they stand relative to longer-term norms. Also, please report changes in enforcement of existing policies as changes in policies.
1. Over the past three months, how have your bank's credit standards for approving applications for C&I loans or credit lines - other than those to be used to finance mergers and acquisitions - changed?
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
0
0.0
Remained basically unchanged
18
100.0
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
18
100
2. For applications for C&I loans or credit lines - other than those to be used to finance mergers and acquisitions - that your bank currently is willing to approve, how have the terms of those loans changed over the past three months?
a. Maximum size of credit lines
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
0
0.0
Remained basically unchanged
18
100.0
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
18
100
b. Maximum maturity of loans or credit lines
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
0
0.0
Remained basically unchanged
18
100.0
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
18
100
c. Costs of credit lines
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
1
5.6
Tightened somewhat
0
0.0
Remained basically unchanged
17
94.4
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
18
100
d. Spreads of loan rates over your bank's cost of funds (wider spreads=tightened, narrower spreads=eased)
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
1
5.6
Tightened somewhat
1
5.6
Remained basically unchanged
15
83.3
Eased somewhat
1
5.6
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
18
100
e. Premiums charged on riskier loans
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
1
5.6
Tightened somewhat
0
0.0
Remained basically unchanged
17
94.4
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
18
100
f. Loan covenants
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
1
5.6
Remained basically unchanged
17
94.4
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
18
100
g. Collateralization requirements
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
0
0.0
Remained basically unchanged
18
100.0
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
18
100
h. Use of interest rate floors (more use=tightened, less use=eased)
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
0
0.0
Remained basically unchanged
18
100.0
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
18
100
3. If your bank has tightened or eased its credit standards or its terms for C&I loans or credit lines over the past three months (as described in questions 1 and 2), how important have the following possible reasons been for the change? (Please respond to either A, B, or both as appropriate.)
A. Possible reasons for tightening credit standards or loan terms:
a. Deterioration in your bank's current or expected capital position
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
b. Less favorable or more uncertain economic outlook
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
c. Worsening of industry-specific problems. (please specify industries)
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
d. Less aggressive competition from other banks or nonbank lenders (other financial intermediaries or the capital markets)
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
e. Reduced tolerance for risk
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
f. Decreased liquidity in the secondary market for these loans
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
g. Deterioration in your bank's current or expected liquidity position
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
h. Increased concerns about the effects of legislative changes, supervisory actions, or accounting standards
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
B. Possible reasons for easing credit standards or loan terms:
a. Improvement in your bank's current or expected capital position
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
b. More favorable or less uncertain economic outlook
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
c. Improvement in industry-specific problems (please specify industries)
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
d. More aggressive competition from other banks or nonbank lenders (other financial intermediaries or the capital markets)
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
e. Increased tolerance for risk
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
f. Increased liquidity in the secondary market for these loans
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
g. Improvement in your bank's current or expected liquidity position
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
h. Reduced concerns about the effects of legislative changes, supervisory actions, or accounting standards
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
4. Apart from normal seasonal variation, how has demand for C&I loans changed over the past three months? (Please consider only funds actually disbursed as opposed to requests for new or increased lines of credit.)
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Substantially stronger
0
0.0
Moderately stronger
3
17.6
About the same
13
76.5
Moderately weaker
1
5.9
Substantially weaker
0
0.0
Total
17
100
5. If demand for C&I loans has strengthened or weakened over the past three months (as described in question 4), how important have the following possible reasons been for the change? (Please respond to either A, B, or both as appropriate.)
A. If stronger loan demand (answer 1 or 2 to question 4), possible reasons:
a. Customer inventory financing needs increased
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
b. Customer accounts receivable financing needs increased
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
c. Customer investment in plant or equipment increased
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
d. Customer internally generated funds decreased
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
e. Customer merger or acquisition financing needs increased
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
f. Customer borrowing shifted to your bank from other bank or nonbank sources because these other sources became less attractive
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
g. Customer precautionary demand for cash and liquidity increased
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
B. If weaker loan demand (answer 4 or 5 to question 4), possible reasons:
a. Customer inventory financing needs decreased
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
b. Customer accounts receivable financing needs decreased
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
c. Customer investment in plant or equipment decreased
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
d. Customer internally generated funds increased
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
e. Customer merger or acquisition financing needs decreased
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
f. Customer borrowing shifted from your bank to other bank or nonbank sources because these other sources became more attractive
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
g. Customer precautionary demand for cash and liquidity decreased
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
6. At your bank, apart from normal seasonal variation, how has the number of inquiries from potential business borrowers regarding the availability and terms of new credit lines or increases in existing lines changed over the past three months? (Please consider only inquiries for additional or increased C&I lines as opposed to the refinancing of existing loans.)
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
The number of inquiries has increased substantially
2
11.8
The number of inquiries has increased moderately
1
5.9
The number of inquiries has stayed about the same
12
70.6
The number of inquiries has decreased moderately
2
11.8
The number of inquiries has decreased substantially
0
0.0
Total
17
100
Questions 7-8
ask about commercial real estate (CRE) loans at your bank, including construction and land development loans and loans secured by nonfarm nonresidential properties. Question 7 deals with changes in your bank's standards over the past three months. Question 8 deals with changes in demand. If your bank's lending standards or terms have not changed over the relevant period, please report them as unchanged even if they are either restrictive or accommodative relative to longer-term norms. If your bank's standards or terms have tightened or eased over the relevant period, please so report them regardless of how they stand relative to longer-term norms. Also, please report changes in enforcement of existing standards as changes in standards.
7. Over the past three months, how have your bank's credit standards for approving applications for CRE loans or credit lines changed?
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
1
6.7
Remained basically unchanged
14
93.3
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
15
100
For this question, 3 respondents answered "My bank does not originate CRE loans."
8. Apart from normal seasonal variation, how has demand for CRE loans or credit lines changed over the past three months? (Please consider the number of requests for new spot loans, for disbursement of funds under existing loan commitments, and for new or increased credit lines.)
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Substantially stronger
0
0.0
Moderately stronger
2
13.3
About the same
12
80.0
Moderately weaker
1
6.7
Substantially weaker
0
0.0
Total
15
100
Questions 9-12
ask how your bank has changed its lending policies over the past year for three different types of
commercial real estate (CRE) loans
: construction and land development loans, loans secured by nonfarm nonresidential properties, and loans secured by multifamily residential properties.
Question 13
asks about changes in demand for CRE loans over the past year.
9. Over the past year, how has your bank changed the following policies on
construction and land development
loans?
a. Maximum loan size
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
0
0.0
Remained basically unchanged
9
100.0
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
9
100
b. Maximum loan maturity
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
0
0.0
Remained basically unchanged
9
100.0
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
9
100
c. Spread of loan rates over your bank's cost of funds (wider spreads=tightened, narrower spreads=eased)
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
1
11.1
Remained basically unchanged
6
66.7
Eased somewhat
2
22.2
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
9
100
d. Loan-to-value ratios (lower ratios=tightened, higher ratios=eased)
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
1
11.1
Remained basically unchanged
8
88.9
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
9
100
e. Debt service coverage ratios (higher ratios=tightened, lower ratios=eased)
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
1
11.1
Remained basically unchanged
8
88.9
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
9
100
f. Market areas served (reduced market areas=tightened, expanded market areas=eased)
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
0
0.0
Remained basically unchanged
9
100.0
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
9
100
g. Length of interest-only payment period (shorter interest-only periods=tightened, longer interest-only periods=eased)
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
0
0.0
Remained basically unchanged
9
100.0
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
9
100
For this question, 8 respondents answered "My bank does not originate construction and land development loans"
10. Over the past year, how has your bank changed the following policies on loans secured by all
nonfarm-nonresidential
properties?
a. Maximum loan size
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
0
0.0
Remained basically unchanged
14
100.0
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
14
100
b. Maximum loan maturity
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
0
0.0
Remained basically unchanged
14
100.0
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
14
100
c. Spread of loan rates over your bank's cost of funds (wider spreads=tightened, narrower spreads=eased)
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
0
0.0
Remained basically unchanged
12
85.7
Eased somewhat
2
14.3
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
14
100
d. Loan-to-value ratios (lower ratios=tightened, higher ratios=eased)
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
1
7.1
Remained basically unchanged
13
92.9
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
14
100
e. Debt service coverage ratios (higher ratios=tightened, lower ratios=eased)
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
1
7.1
Remained basically unchanged
13
92.9
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
14
100
f. Market areas served (reduced market areas=tightened, expanded market areas=eased)
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
0
0.0
Remained basically unchanged
14
100.0
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
14
100
g. Length of interest-only payment period (shorter interest-only periods=tightened, longer interest-only periods=eased)
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
0
0.0
Remained basically unchanged
14
100.0
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
14
100
For this question, 3 respondents answered "My bank does not originate nonfarm-nonresidential loans"
11. Over the past year, how has your bank changed the following policies on loans secured by
multifamily
residential properties?
a. Maximum loan size
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
0
0.0
Remained basically unchanged
13
100.0
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
13
100
b. Maximum loan maturity
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
0
0.0
Remained basically unchanged
13
100.0
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
13
100
c. Spread of loan rates over your bank's cost of funds (wider spreads=tightened, narrower spreads=eased)
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
1
7.7
Remained basically unchanged
10
76.9
Eased somewhat
2
15.4
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
13
100
d. Loan-to-value ratios (lower ratios=tightened, higher ratios=eased)
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
1
7.7
Remained basically unchanged
11
84.6
Eased somewhat
1
7.7
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
13
100
e. Debt service coverage ratios (higher ratios=tightened, lower ratios=eased)
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
1
7.7
Remained basically unchanged
12
92.3
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
13
100
f. Market areas served (reduced market areas=tightened, expanded market areas=eased)
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
0
0.0
Remained basically unchanged
13
100.0
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
13
100
g. Length of interest-only payment period (shorter interest-only periods=tightened, longer interest-only periods=eased)
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
0
0.0
Remained basically unchanged
13
100.0
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
13
100
For this question, 5 respondents answered "My bank does not originate multifamily loans"
12. If your bank has tightened or eased its credit policies for CRE loans over the past year (as described in questions 9-11 above), how important have the following possible reasons been for the change? (Please respond to either A, B, or both as appropriate.)
A. Possible reasons for tightening credit policies on CRE loans over the past year (where tightening corresponds to answers 1 or 2 in questions 9-11 above):
a. Less favorable or more uncertain outlook for CRE property prices
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
b. Less favorable or more uncertain outlook for market rents on CRE properties
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
c. Less favorable or more uncertain outlook for vacancy rates on CRE properties
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
d. Less favorable or more uncertain outlook for delinquency rates on mortgages backed by CRE properties
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
e. Less aggressive competition from other banks or nonbank financial institutions (other financial intermediaries or the capital markets)
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
f. Reduced tolerance for risk
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
g. Decreased ability to securitize CRE loans
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
h. Increased concerns about my bank's capital adequacy or liquidity position
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
i. Increased concerns about the effects of regulatory changes or supervisory actions
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
B. Possible reasons for easing credit policies on CRE loans over the past year (where easing corresponds to answers 4 or 5 in questions 9-11 above):
a. More favorable or less uncertain outlook for CRE property prices
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
b. More favorable or less uncertain outlook for market rents on CRE properties
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
c. More favorable or less uncertain outlook for vacancy rates on CRE properties
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
d. More favorable or less uncertain outlook for delinquency rates on mortgages backed by CRE properties
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
e. More aggressive competition from other banks or nonbank financial institutions (other financial intermediaries or the capital markets)
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
f. Increased tolerance for risk
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
g. Increased ability to securitize CRE loans
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
h. Reduced concerns about my bank's capital adequacy or liquidity position
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
i. Reduced concerns about the effects of regulatory changes or supervisory actions
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
13. If demand for CRE loans from your bank has strengthened or weakened over the past year, how important have been the following possible reasons for the change? (Please respond to either A, B, or both as appropriate.)
A. Possible reasons for stronger CRE loan demand over the past year:
a. Customer acquisition or development of properties increased
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
b. Customer refinancing of maturing loans increased
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
c. Customer outlook for rental demand became more favorable or less uncertain
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
d. General level of interest rates decreased
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
e. Customer internally generated funds decreased
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
f. Customer borrowing shifted to your bank from other banks
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
g. Customer borrowing shifted to your bank from nonbank sources (e.g., CMBS, insurers, or debt funds)
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
h. Customer borrowing shifted to your bank from alternatives to CRE-backed funding (e.g., unsecured debt or internal funding)
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
i. Customer precautionary demand for cash and liquidity increased
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
B. Possible reasons for weaker CRE loan demand over the past year:
a. Customer acquisition or development of properties decreased
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
b. Customer refinancing of maturing loans decreased
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
c. Customer outlook for rental demand became less favorable or more uncertain
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
d. General level of interest rates increased
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
e. Customer internally generated funds increased
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
f. Customer borrowing shifted from your bank to other banks
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
g. Customer borrowing shifted from your bank to nonbank sources (e.g., CMBS, insurers, or debt funds)
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
h. Customer borrowing shifted from your bank to alternatives to CRE-backed funding (e.g., unsecured debt or internal funding)
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
i. Customer precautionary demand for cash and liquidity decreased
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
Questions 14-18
ask about lending to
nondepository financial institutions (NDFIs)
at your bank. Questions 14-16 address changes in your bank's lending policies over the past year, while Questions 17 and 18 address changes in demand for NDFI loans over the past year. For definitions of NDFI loan categories, see FFIEC 002 instructions, Schedule C, item 3.
14. Over the past year, how have your bank's credit standards for approving applications for loans or credit lines to the following NDFIs changed?
A. Standards for
mortgage credit intermediaries
:
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
0
0.0
Remained basically unchanged
9
100.0
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
9
100
For this question, 8 respondents answered "My bank does not originate loans or credit lines to mortgage credit intermediaries"
B. Standards for
business credit intermediaries
:
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
4
30.8
Remained basically unchanged
9
69.2
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
13
100
For this question, 4 respondents answered "My bank does not originate loans or credit lines to business credit intermediaries"
C. Standards for
private equity funds
:
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
5
33.3
Remained basically unchanged
9
60.0
Eased somewhat
1
6.7
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
15
100
For this question, 1 respondent answered "My bank does not originate loans or credit lines to private equity funds"
D. Standards for
consumer credit intermediaries
:
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
1
9.1
Remained basically unchanged
10
90.9
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
11
100
For this question, 5 respondents answered "My bank does not originate loans or credit lines to consumer credit intermediaries"
E. Standards for
other NDFIs
:
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
2
16.7
Remained basically unchanged
10
83.3
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
12
100
For this question, 4 respondents answered "My bank does not originate loans or credit lines to other NDFIs"
15. For applications for NDFI loans or credit lines that your bank currently is willing to approve, how have the following terms of those loans changed over the past year?
a. Maximum size of credit lines
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
1
8.3
Tightened somewhat
2
16.7
Remained basically unchanged
8
66.7
Eased somewhat
1
8.3
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
12
100
b. Maximum maturity of loans or credit lines
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
1
8.3
Remained basically unchanged
11
91.7
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
12
100
c. Costs of credit lines
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
1
8.3
Remained basically unchanged
11
91.7
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
12
100
d. Spreads of loan rates over your bank's cost of funds (wider spreads=tightened, narrower spreads=eased)
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
1
8.3
Remained basically unchanged
9
75.0
Eased somewhat
2
16.7
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
12
100
e. Premiums charged on riskier loans
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
1
8.3
Remained basically unchanged
10
83.3
Eased somewhat
1
8.3
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
12
100
f. Loan covenants
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
1
8.3
Remained basically unchanged
11
91.7
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
12
100
g. Collateralization requirements
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
1
8.3
Remained basically unchanged
11
91.7
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
0
0.0
Total
12
100
h. Use of interest rate floors (more use=tightened, less use=eased)
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Tightened considerably
0
0.0
Tightened somewhat
0
0.0
Remained basically unchanged
11
91.7
Eased somewhat
0
0.0
Eased considerably
1
8.3
Total
12
100
16. If your bank has tightened or eased its credit standards or its terms for NDFI loans or credit lines over the past year (as described in questions 32 and 33), how important have the following possible reasons been for the change? (Please respond to either A, B, or both as appropriate.)
A. Possible reasons for tightening credit standards or loan terms on NDFI loans over the past year:
a. Deterioration in your bank's current or expected capital position
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Not important
4
100.0
Somewhat important
0
0.0
Very important
0
0.0
Total
4
100
b. Deterioration in your bank's current or expected liquidity position
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Not important
4
100.0
Somewhat important
0
0.0
Very important
0
0.0
Total
4
100
c. Less favorable or more uncertain economic outlook
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Not important
1
25.0
Somewhat important
3
75.0
Very important
0
0.0
Total
4
100
d. Less aggressive competition from other banks or nonbank lenders (other financial intermediaries or the capital markets)
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Not important
4
100.0
Somewhat important
0
0.0
Very important
0
0.0
Total
4
100
e. Reduced tolerance for risk
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
f. Increased concerns about the effects of legislative changes, supervisory actions, or changes in accounting standards affecting NDFIs or banks
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Not important
3
75.0
Somewhat important
1
25.0
Very important
0
0.0
Total
4
100
g. Increased borrower credit risk
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Not important
1
25.0
Somewhat important
3
75.0
Very important
0
0.0
Total
4
100
h. Decreased risk-adjusted returns from lending to NDFIs
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Not important
3
75.0
Somewhat important
1
25.0
Very important
0
0.0
Total
4
100
B. Possible reasons for easing credit standards or loan terms on NDFI loans over the past year:
a. Improvement in your bank's current or expected capital position
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
b. Improvement in your bank's current or expected liquidity position
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
c. More favorable or less uncertain economic outlook
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
d. More aggressive competition from other banks or nonbank lenders (other financial intermediaries or the capital markets)
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
e. Increased tolerance for risk
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
f. Reduced concerns about the effects of legislative changes, supervisory actions, or changes in accounting standards affecting NDFIs or banks
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
g. Reduced borrower credit risk
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
h. Increased risk-adjusted returns from lending to NDFIs
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
17. How has demand for NDFI loans at your bank changed over the past year? (Please consider only funds actually disbursed as opposed to requests for new or increased lines of credit.)
A. Demand from
mortgage credit intermediaries
:
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Substantially stronger
0
0.0
Moderately stronger
0
0.0
About the same
11
100.0
Moderately weaker
0
0.0
Substantially weaker
0
0.0
Total
11
100
B. Demand from
business credit intermediaries
:
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Substantially stronger
0
0.0
Moderately stronger
4
33.3
About the same
6
50.0
Moderately weaker
2
16.7
Substantially weaker
0
0.0
Total
12
100
C. Demand from
private equity funds
:
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Substantially stronger
0
0.0
Moderately stronger
3
21.4
About the same
10
71.4
Moderately weaker
1
7.1
Substantially weaker
0
0.0
Total
14
100
D. Demand from
consumer credit intermediaries
:
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Substantially stronger
0
0.0
Moderately stronger
0
0.0
About the same
12
100.0
Moderately weaker
0
0.0
Substantially weaker
0
0.0
Total
12
100
E. Demand from
other NDFIs
:
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Substantially stronger
0
0.0
Moderately stronger
1
8.3
About the same
11
91.7
Moderately weaker
0
0.0
Substantially weaker
0
0.0
Total
12
100
18. If demand for NDFI loans at your bank has strengthened or weakened over the past year, how important have the following possible reasons been for the change? (Please respond to either A, B, or both as appropriate.)
A. Possible reasons for stronger NDFI loan demand over the past year:
a. Improvement in NDFIs' investment opportunities
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Not important
1
25.0
Somewhat important
2
50.0
Very important
1
25.0
Total
4
100
b. Increased liquidity needs of NDFIs
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Not important
1
25.0
Somewhat important
3
75.0
Very important
0
0.0
Total
4
100
c. General level of interest rates decreased
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Not important
4
100.0
Somewhat important
0
0.0
Very important
0
0.0
Total
4
100
d. NDFI borrowing shifted to your bank from other banks
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Not important
3
75.0
Somewhat important
1
25.0
Very important
0
0.0
Total
4
100
e. NDFI borrowing shifted to your bank from nonbank sources
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Not important
4
100.0
Somewhat important
0
0.0
Very important
0
0.0
Total
4
100
f. Changes in regulations affecting NDFIs or banks
All Respondents
Banks
Percent
Not important
4
100.0
Somewhat important
0
0.0
Very important
0
0.0
Total
4
100
B. Possible reasons for weaker NDFI loan demand over the past year:
a. Deterioration in NDFIs' investment opportunities
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
b. Decreased liquidity needs of NDFIs
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
c. General level of interest rates increased
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
d. NDFI borrowing shifted from your bank to other banks
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
e. NDFI borrowing shifted from your bank to nonbank sources
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
f. Changes in regulations affecting NDFIs or banks
Responses are not reported when the number of respondents is 3 or fewer.
1. As of December 31, 2025, the 18 respondents had combined assets of $1.8 trillion, compared to $3.3 trillion for all foreign-related banking institutions in the United States. The sample is selected from among the largest foreign-related banking institutions in those Federal Reserve Districts where such institutions are common.
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Last Update:
                May 04, 2026